Selected References and Links:
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In vitro / Ex vivo Biomarker Efflux Studies:

Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006 Mar;26(3):541-7.  Relative contributions of ABCA1 and SR-BI to cholesterol efflux to serum from fibroblasts and macrophages. Duong M, Collins HL, Jin W, Zanotti I, Favari E, Rothblat GH.

J Lipid Res. 2007 Nov;48(11):2453-62. The roles of different pathways in the release of cholesterol from macrophages. Adorni MP, Zimetti F, Billheimer JT, Wang N, Rader DJ, Phillips MC, Rothblat GH.

Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007 Sep;27(9):2022-9. Wild-type ApoA-I and the Milano variant have similar abilities to stimulate cellular lipid mobilization and efflux. Weibel GL, Alexander ET, Joshi MR, Rader DJ, Lund-Katz S, Phillips MC, Rothblat GH

J Lipid Res. 2005 Oct;46(10):2246-53.  Differential effects of HDL subpopulations on cellular ABCA1- and SR-BI-mediated cholesterol efflux. Asztalos BF, de la Llera-Moya M, Dallal GE, Horvath KV, Schaefer EJ, Rothblat GH.

Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004 Dec;24(12):2345-50.  Probucol inhibits ABCA1-mediated cellular lipid efflux. Favari E, Zanotti I, Zimetti F, Ronda N, Bernini F, Rothblat GH.

J Lipid Res. 2004 Sep;45(9):1724-32.  SR-BI- and ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux to serum from patients with Alagille syndrome. Yancey PG, Asztalos BF, Stettler N, Piccoli D, Williams DL, Connelly MA, Rothblat GH.

In vivo Reverse Cholesterol Transport

Circulation. 2003 Aug 12;108(6):661-3. Overexpression of apolipoprotein A-I promotes reverse transport of cholesterol from macrophages to feces in vivo. Zhang Y, Zanotti I, Reilly MP, Glick JM, Rothblat GH, Rader DJ.

Circulation. 2006 Jan 3;113(1):90-7.  Pharmacological activation of liver X receptors promotes reverse cholesterol transport in vivo. Naik SU, Wang X, Da Silva JS, Jaye M, Macphee CH, Reilly MP, Billheimer JT, Rothblat GH, Rader DJ.

J Clin Invest. 2007 Aug;117(8):2216-24. Macrophage ABCA1 and ABCG1, but not SR-BI, promote macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in vivo. Wang X, Collins HL, Ranalletta M, Fuki IV, Billheimer JT, Rothblat GH, Tall AR, Rader DJ.

Circulation. 2007 Sep 11;116(11):1267-73. Expression of cholesteryl ester transfer protein in mice promotes macrophage reverse cholesterol transport. Tanigawa H, Billheimer JT, Tohyama J, Zhang Y, Rothblat G, Rader DJ.

In vivo Atherosclerosis Models

Am J Cardiol. 2003 Aug 18;92(4A):42J-49J. Regulation of reverse cholesterol transport and clinical implications. Rader DJ.

Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2007 Gene transfer of wild-type apoA-I and apoA-I Milano reduce atherosclerosis to a similar extent. Lebherz C, Sanmiguel J, Wilson JM, Rader DJ.

Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003 Oct 1;23(10):1914-20.  Apolipoprotein A-I deficiency results in markedly increased atherosclerosis in mice lacking the LDL receptor. Moore RE, Kawashiri MA, Kitajima K, Secreto A, Millar JS, Pratico D, Rader DJ.

Atherosclerosis. 2002 Nov;165(1):15-22. Combined effects of cholesterol reduction and apolipoprotein A-I expression on atherosclerosis in LDL receptor deficient mice. Kawashiri MA, Zhang Y, Puré E, Rader DJ.

Nature. 2008 Feb 21;451(7181):904-13. Translating molecular discoveries into new therapies for atherosclerosis.  Rader DJ, Daugherty A.

Immune Response and Atherosclerosis

Am J Transplant. 2003 May;3(5):562-9.  Protective effect of the immunosuppressant sirolimus against aortic atherosclerosis in apo E-deficient mice. Elloso MM, Azrolan N, Sehgal SN, Hsu PL, Phiel KL, Kopec CA, Basso MD, Adelman SJ.

Transplant Proc. 2003 Dec;35(8):3136-8. Effect of sirolimus on the cholesterol content of aortic arch in ApoE knockout mice.Basso MD, Nambi P, Adelman SJ.

Coron Artery Dis. 2002 May;13(3):183-8. Twenty-eight-day efficacy and phamacokinetics of the sirolimus-eluting stent. Klugherz BD, Llanos G, Lieuallen W, Kopia GA, Papandreou G, Narayan P, Sasseen B, Adelman SJ, Falotico R, Wilensky RL.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Feb 15;102(7):2543-8. Identification of pathway-selective estrogen receptor ligands that inhibit NF-kappaB transcriptional activity. Chadwick CC, Chippari S, Matelan E, Borges-Marcucci L, Eckert AM, Keith JC Jr, Albert LM, Leathurby Y, Harris HA, Bhat RA, Ashwell M, Trybulski E, Winneker RC, Adelman SJ, Steffan RJ, Harnish DC.

Curr Top Med Chem. 2006; 6(2):103-11. Control of chronic inflammation with pathway selective estrogen receptor ligands. Steffan RJ, Matelan E, Ashwell MA, Moore WJ, Solvibile WR, Trybulski E, Chadwick CC, Chippari S, Kenney T, Winneker RC, Eckert A, Borges-Marcucci L, Adelman SJ, Xu Z, Mosyak L, Harnish DC.

J Investig Med. 2007 Jan;55(1):26-35.  Plasma cytokines, metabolic syndrome, and atherosclerosis in humans. Reilly MP, Rohatgi A, McMahon K, Wolfe ML, Pinto SC, Rhodes T, Girman C, Rader DJ.

Circ Res. 2005 Oct 28;97(9):922-7. Apolipoprotein E suppresses the type I inflammatory response in vivo. Ali K, Middleton M, Puré E, Rader DJ.

Circ Res. 2005 Oct 14;97(8):763-71. Increased atherosclerosis in mice lacking apolipoprotein A-I attributable to both impaired reverse cholesterol transport and increased inflammation. Moore RE, Navab M, Millar JS, Zimetti F, Hama S, Rothblat GH, Rader DJ.

J Clin Invest. 1997 Sep 15;100(6):1575-80. The effects of total lymphocyte deficiency on the extent of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-/- mice.  Daugherty A, Puré E, Delfel-Butteiger D, Chen S, Leferovich J, Roselaar SE, Rader DJ.